diff --git a/middleware/errorHandler.js b/middleware/errorHandler.js
index f7888e6..5129cbd 100644
--- a/middleware/errorHandler.js
+++ b/middleware/errorHandler.js
@@ -14,14 +14,16 @@ const errorHandler = (err, req, res, next) => {
       console.error(err);
     }
     // 提取错误信息
-    const statusCode = err.statusCode || err.status || 500;
-    const message = err.message || "服务器错误";
-    const details = err.details || null;
+  const statusCode = err.statusCode || err.status || 500;
+  const message = err.message || "服务器错误";
+  const details = err.details || null;
+  const code = err.code || undefined;
 
     // 返回统一格式的错误响应
     return res.status(statusCode).json({
       success: false,
       message: message,
+      code: code,
       details: details,
       error:
         process.env.NODE_ENV === "production"
diff --git a/middleware/jwt-auth.js b/middleware/jwt-auth.js
index ef94a47..5d4a6e2 100644
--- a/middleware/jwt-auth.js
+++ b/middleware/jwt-auth.js
@@ -76,7 +76,10 @@ export const jwtAuth = async (req, res, next) => {
         }
 
         if (newTokenError.name === 'TokenExpiredError' || legacyTokenError.name === 'TokenExpiredError') {
-          return next(errors.createError(401, "JWT token已过期"));
+          // 统一的账户JWT过期返回
+          // message: JWT_EXPIRED（用于客户端稳定识别）
+          // code: AUTH_JWT_EXPIRED（业务错误码）
+          return next(errors.createError(401, "JWT_EXPIRED", null, "AUTH_JWT_EXPIRED"));
         }
 
         return next(errors.createError(401, "token验证失败"));
diff --git a/utils/errors.js b/utils/errors.js
index fa179c7..1e96af4 100644
--- a/utils/errors.js
+++ b/utils/errors.js
@@ -1,16 +1,18 @@
 /**
  * 创建标准错误对象
  * @param {number} statusCode - HTTP状态码
- * @param {string} [message] - 错误消息
+ * @param {string} [message] - 错误消息（推荐使用稳定的机器可读文本，如 JWT_EXPIRED）
  * @param {object} [details] - 附加信息
+ * @param {string} [code] - 业务错误码（如 AUTH_JWT_EXPIRED）
  * @returns {object} 标准错误对象
  */
-const createError = (statusCode, message, details = null) => {
+const createError = (statusCode, message, details = null, code = null) => {
   // 直接返回错误对象，不抛出异常
   const error = {
     statusCode: statusCode,
     message: message || '服务器错误',
-    details: details
+    details: details,
+    code: code || undefined,
   };
   return error;
 };